9+ Festive Apple Cranberry Crown Recipes!


9+ Festive Apple Cranberry Crown Recipes!

A celebratory baked good, typically that includes tart berries and a complementary fruit, presents a visually interesting and flavorful centerpiece. The mixture of candy and tangy parts offers a particular style profile, generally related to festive events and seasonal harvests. Its building normally entails arranging the fruit attractively atop or inside a pastry base earlier than baking.

One of these culinary creation affords a number of benefits. It offers a visually putting dessert possibility appropriate for gatherings. The inclusion of fruits contributes vitamins and fiber to the weight-reduction plan. Traditionally, comparable baked objects have been ready utilizing regionally out there fruits, reflecting regional agricultural practices and culinary traditions. They’re typically related to autumn and winter holidays, changing into a conventional dish for celebrations.

Understanding the function of particular substances, mastering preparation methods, and exploring variations improve the creation of a profitable and interesting completed product. The next dialogue delves into these points to supply complete perception.

1. Tartness Stability

Reaching optimum tartness stability is a basic factor within the profitable creation of cranberry and apple based mostly desserts. This stability dictates the general taste profile, influencing the perceived sweetness, acidity, and palatability of the completed product. With out cautious consideration, the inherent tartness of cranberries can overwhelm the delicate sweetness of apples, leading to an unappealing sensory expertise.

  • Cranberry Acidity

    Cranberries possess a excessive focus of quinic and citric acids, contributing to their distinct tartness. The amount of cranberries used immediately impacts the acidity stage; extreme quantities can create an intensely bitter taste. The choice of cranberry selection additionally influences tartness, as some cultivars are inherently extra acidic than others. Correct administration of cranberry acidity is essential for stopping a very tart last product.

  • Apple Sweetness

    Apples present a counterpoint to cranberry tartness by means of their pure sugar content material, primarily fructose and sucrose. The selection of apple selection is paramount, as sweetness ranges fluctuate considerably. Varieties resembling Honeycrisp or Fuji supply larger sugar concentrations in comparison with tart apples like Granny Smith. Using sweeter apples will help to mitigate the sharpness of cranberries, resulting in a extra balanced taste profile.

  • Sweetening Brokers

    The addition of sweetening brokers resembling granulated sugar, brown sugar, or maple syrup is commonly mandatory to attain the specified stability. The kind and quantity of sweetener used ought to be rigorously calibrated to enrich the pure flavors of the fruits with out creating extreme sweetness. Using brown sugar can introduce molasses notes, including depth and complexity to the flavour profile.

  • pH Modification

    Whereas much less frequent in residence cooking, adjusting the pH of the cranberry element could be employed to scale back tartness. Introducing a small quantity of baking soda (a base) can neutralize a few of the acids current within the cranberries, successfully lowering their perceived tartness. This method requires cautious execution to keep away from negatively impacting the feel or taste of the general preparation.

The interaction of those elements immediately determines the success of a cranberry and apple crown. Meticulous consideration to ingredient choice and exact changes to sweetness ranges are important for making a balanced and harmonious taste profile that showcases one of the best qualities of each fruits, stopping the general tartness from overwhelming the ultimate product and guaranteeing a palatable expertise.

2. Moisture Content material

Moisture content material performs an important function within the last texture and total success of a cranberry and apple creation. The water exercise throughout the dessert immediately influences its tenderness, stopping dryness and guaranteeing a nice mouthfeel. Each cranberries and apples contribute moisture, however their particular person traits and cooking behaviors require cautious administration to attain optimum outcomes. Inadequate moisture results in a crumbly, dry product, whereas extreme moisture can lead to a soggy or dense texture. For instance, if the fruit filling releases an excessive amount of liquid throughout baking, the pastry base could grow to be waterlogged, detracting from the general consuming expertise. Management over moisture is subsequently important in guaranteeing a well-balanced and interesting last product.

Efficient administration of moisture content material entails a number of key methods. Firstly, choosing apple varieties with decrease water content material can mitigate the danger of extra liquid launch. Pre-cooking the fruit filling permits for managed evaporation of extra moisture earlier than it’s encased throughout the pastry. Using thickening brokers resembling cornstarch or tapioca starch helps to bind the launched liquids, stopping them from saturating the crust. Moreover, creating small vents within the prime crust permits steam to flee throughout baking, lowering the buildup of moisture throughout the dessert. The selection of pastry additionally influences moisture management; a sturdier crust, resembling a pate brisee, is healthier suited to containing a moist filling in comparison with a fragile puff pastry. Actual-world functions display that exact measurement and cautious execution of those methods persistently yield superior outcomes.

In abstract, moisture content material is a vital issue that dictates the textural properties of a cranberry and apple confection. Cautious consideration to ingredient choice, pre-treatment of the fruit filling, and the applying of thickening brokers are important for stopping both dryness or sogginess. The challenges related to moisture administration are important, however a radical understanding of the ideas concerned and the implementation of acceptable methods contribute to the creation of a dessert that’s each visually interesting and texturally satisfying. Mastering this facet is essential for delivering a very distinctive culinary expertise.

3. Pastry Kind

The choice of pastry considerably influences the structural integrity, textural traits, and total palatability of a cranberry and apple crown. The pastry acts as a vessel, containing the fruit filling and contributing to the completed product’s aesthetic attraction and consuming expertise. The pastry kind should be chosen contemplating the moisture content material of the filling and the specified stage of flakiness or tenderness.

  • Shortcrust Pastry (Pte Brise)

    Shortcrust pastry, made with flour, butter, and minimal water, affords a sturdy and secure base. Its low gluten improvement leads to a young, crumbly texture. Its robustness makes it appropriate for supporting moist fillings with out changing into soggy. This pastry is often utilized in conventional fruit pies and offers a dependable construction for a considerable cranberry and apple filling. Its impartial taste profile permits the fruit flavors to dominate.

  • Puff Pastry (Pte Feuillete)

    Puff pastry, characterised by its quite a few layers of butter and dough, creates a lightweight, flaky texture upon baking. Its delicate construction offers a distinction to the delicate fruit filling. Nonetheless, puff pastry could be difficult to make use of with very moist fillings, because the moisture can inhibit correct rising and crisping. If used, the filling ought to be pre-cooked and thickened to attenuate liquid launch throughout baking.

  • Candy Pastry (Pte Sucre)

    Candy pastry incorporates sugar into the dough, leading to a sweeter and extra tender crust. The added sugar promotes browning and enhances the general taste profile. This pastry kind pairs properly with tart fruit fillings, resembling cranberry and apple, making a balanced taste mixture. Its delicate nature requires cautious dealing with to stop breakage.

  • Cream Cheese Pastry

    Cream cheese pastry blends cream cheese with flour and butter to create a young, barely tangy crust. The cream cheese provides richness and moisture, contributing to a delicate and flavorful pastry. This kind affords a singular texture and taste profile, complementing each the tart cranberries and candy apples. Its delicate tanginess can improve the complexity of the dessert.

The selection of pastry is inextricably linked to the specified end result of the cranberry and apple creation. Consideration of the filling’s moisture content material, the specified texture, and the general taste profile is important in choosing essentially the most acceptable pastry kind. Every possibility presents distinct benefits and challenges, requiring cautious consideration and adaptation to attain a balanced and harmonious last product. Moreover, inventive variations may incorporate additions like nuts or spices into the pastry dough to additional improve the general sensory expertise.

4. Fruit Ratio

The fruit ratio in a cranberry and apple preparation dictates the elemental taste profile and textural stability. It represents the proportional relationship between the portions of cranberries and apples used, immediately influencing the general tartness, sweetness, and moisture content material of the completed product. An imbalance within the fruit ratio can result in a dish that’s both excessively tart as a result of a preponderance of cranberries or overly candy and doubtlessly mushy as a result of an overabundance of apples. The ratio, subsequently, is a vital management level in attaining a harmonious and palatable consequence.

Contemplate two situations: In a single occasion, a recipe may name for a 1:1 ratio of cranberries to apples, aiming for a balanced tart-sweet taste. This is able to usually go well with people who respect a reasonable stage of acidity alongside the sweetness. Conversely, a ratio of 1:2 (cranberries to apples) would yield a sweeter, much less tart preparation, interesting to these with a desire for sweeter desserts. Actual-world examples display that various this ratio considerably alters client notion and desire. Moreover, the chosen ratio impacts the structural integrity of the dish; the next proportion of apples, with their higher moisture content material, could require changes to thickening brokers or baking instances to stop a soggy end result.

In conclusion, the choice of an acceptable fruit ratio is paramount in making a profitable cranberry and apple confection. It immediately influences the flavour stability, textural properties, and total palatability of the completed product. Understanding the interaction between the tartness of cranberries and the sweetness of apples, and adjusting the ratio accordingly, permits for exact management over the ultimate sensory expertise. This basic facet is integral to the creation of a well-balanced and satisfying cranberry and apple dessert.

5. Visible Enchantment

The visible attraction of a cranberry and apple confection is a big issue influencing its perceived high quality and desirability. The association of substances, the coloration achieved by means of baking, and the general presentation contribute on to the preliminary impression and subsequent enjoyment of the dessert. A well-executed presentation elevates the eating expertise past mere sustenance, interesting to aesthetic senses and creating anticipation.

Contemplate, for instance, the impact of uniform apple slices organized in concentric circles, contrasting with the colourful crimson of scattered cranberries atop a golden-brown pastry crust. Such a visually balanced composition evokes a way of artistry and a spotlight to element. Conversely, a haphazard association with uneven browning can detract from the perceived high quality, even when the flavour is comparable. Using a glaze to impart a shiny sheen can additional improve the presentation, highlighting the pure colours of the fruit and including a layer of visible depth. Sensible software of those ideas entails cautious ingredient choice, exact slicing methods, and managed baking to attain constant coloration and structural integrity.

In conclusion, the visible parts of a cranberry and apple merchandise are integral to its total success. Whereas style stays paramount, the preliminary affect of visible presentation considerably influences the patron’s notion and willingness to interact with the dessert. Consideration to paint, association, and floor texture contributes to a heightened sensory expertise, remodeling a easy dessert right into a visually compelling and emotionally satisfying providing.

6. Aroma Depth

Aroma depth constitutes a vital sensory dimension of a cranberry and apple baked creation. The risky natural compounds launched throughout baking from the fruits, spices (if current), and pastry work together synergistically to create a posh and interesting olfactory expertise. The aroma’s depth immediately impacts the perceived taste and total enjoyment of the dish, serving as a key indicator of ripeness, high quality, and correct preparation.

For instance, the presence of cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon, coupled with esters from apples and attribute risky acids from cranberries, contributes to a wealthy, heat, and alluring scent. Inadequate aroma depth, maybe as a result of utilizing underripe fruit or inadequate spicing, can result in a bland sensory expertise, even when the visible presentation is passable. Conversely, extreme aroma depth, arising from over-spicing or browning, could be overpowering and detract from the pure fruit notes. The particular baking temperature and length are additionally vital elements; they affect the speed of risky compound launch and may both improve or diminish the aroma’s complexity. Actual-world functions in business bakeries display that exact management over these parameters is important for constant and fascinating aroma profiles.

In conclusion, aroma depth is an indispensable element of a profitable cranberry and apple product. It considerably influences the sensory notion and contributes to the general attraction of the dessert. Exact management over substances, spices, and baking parameters is important for attaining a balanced and fascinating fragrant profile. Recognizing the interaction of those elements is essential for each skilled bakers and residential cooks searching for to create a very memorable and flavorful expertise.

7. Baking Time

Baking time represents a vital parameter within the preparation of a cranberry and apple creation, immediately impacting the feel, moisture content material, and total structural integrity. Exact management over this variable is important for guaranteeing a palatable and visually interesting last product. Inadequate baking leads to a soggy pastry and undercooked fruit, whereas extreme baking results in a dry, brittle crust and potential burning.

  • Pastry Kind Affect

    The particular pastry kind employed considerably influences the required baking length. A shortcrust pastry, as a result of its density, usually requires an extended baking time in comparison with a fragile puff pastry. Overbaking shortcrust can result in extreme hardening, whereas underbaking puff pastry inhibits correct layering and flakiness. Adjustment of baking time based mostly on pastry choice is subsequently important. For instance, a shortcrust base may require blind baking earlier than filling to stop a soggy backside, additional affecting the overall baking time as soon as the filling is added.

  • Fruit Filling Composition

    The composition of the cranberry and apple filling immediately impacts baking time. A filling with a excessive moisture content material necessitates an extended baking interval to permit for enough evaporation and thickening. The dimensions and density of the fruit items additionally play a task; bigger items require extra time to melt. Pre-cooking the filling can cut back total baking time and forestall extreme moisture from saturating the pastry. Exact monitoring of the filling’s consistency throughout baking is vital for stopping undercooked fruit or a runny filling.

  • Oven Temperature Calibration

    Correct oven temperature is paramount for constant baking outcomes. Variations in oven calibration can considerably affect baking time; a miscalibrated oven could result in both underbaked or overbaked outcomes, whatever the recipe directions. Common oven calibration utilizing an oven thermometer is important for guaranteeing correct and reproducible baking instances. Moreover, accounting for elements like altitude and humidity, which might affect baking instances, requires changes to the advisable settings.

  • Visible Doneness Cues

    Reliance on visible cues is important in figuring out the suitable baking time. A golden-brown crust signifies enough baking of the pastry, whereas a effervescent filling means that the fruit has softened and the juices have thickened. Overly darkish browning or shrinking of the pastry away from the edges of the pan alerts overbaking. Utilizing a toothpick or skewer to check the filling’s consistency can present further affirmation of doneness. These visible indicators, mixed with exact timing, contribute to an correct evaluation of baking completion.

The interaction of pastry kind, fruit filling composition, oven temperature, and visible doneness cues collectively determines the optimum baking time for a cranberry and apple creation. Cautious consideration of those elements and a willingness to adapt baking instances based mostly on particular circumstances contribute to a persistently profitable end result. Mastering this facet is important for attaining the specified texture, taste, and visible attraction within the last product. For instance, the mixture of puff pastry and excessive moisture apples would require extra time and a spotlight to element to keep away from over browning or soggy apples.

8. Serving Temperature

Serving temperature profoundly influences the sensory expertise of a cranberry and apple confection, affecting each taste notion and textural traits. The best temperature vary enhances the meant taste profile and ensures optimum enjoyment, whereas deviations can diminish the dish’s attraction.

  • Taste Volatility and Notion

    Temperature impacts the volatility of taste compounds. Hotter temperatures improve the discharge of risky aromatics, intensifying the perceived sweetness and spiciness. Conversely, colder temperatures suppress these risky compounds, doubtlessly muting the flavors. For a cranberry and apple crown, serving barely heat permits the inherent flavors of the fruits and any added spices to totally categorical themselves, enhancing the general style expertise. Serving it too chilly may masks a few of these nuances.

  • Textural Contrasts and Sensations

    Temperature influences the textural sensations. A heat serving temperature softens the pastry, making a extra tender mouthfeel, whereas a chilly temperature can agency it up, resulting in a doubtlessly much less fascinating texture. Equally, the filling’s consistency is affected; a heat filling is mostly extra fluid, whereas a chilly filling turns into extra set. Balancing these textural contrasts is essential for optimum enjoyment. Serving the crown barely heat permits for a delightful distinction between the delicate filling and the tender crust, enhancing the general mouthfeel.

  • Cream and Topping Interactions

    The presence of accompanying parts, resembling ice cream, whipped cream, or custard, necessitates cautious consideration of serving temperature. A heat crown served with chilly ice cream creates a pleasant temperature distinction, enhancing each the flavour and textural dimensions. Nonetheless, serving a crown that’s too sizzling could trigger the ice cream to soften quickly, compromising its texture and doubtlessly diluting the flavors. Conversely, serving a chilly crown with heat custard might end in an undesirable mixing of temperatures, diminishing the meant sensory affect.

  • Structural Integrity and Stability

    Serving temperature can affect the structural integrity of the dessert. A heat crown could grow to be extra delicate and vulnerable to crumbling, whereas a chilly crown is mostly extra secure. This consideration is especially related when transporting or dealing with the dessert. Sustaining a barely heat temperature permits for optimum taste and texture with out compromising structural integrity, guaranteeing that the crown stays visually interesting and simple to serve.

The interaction of those elements underscores the importance of serving temperature in maximizing the sensory expertise of a cranberry and apple product. Attentive consideration of taste volatility, textural sensations, topping interactions, and structural integrity contributes to a dish that’s not solely scrumptious but additionally introduced in its most interesting type.

9. Ingredient High quality

Ingredient high quality is a paramount determinant within the end result of any culinary endeavor, together with the creation of a cranberry and apple baked centerpiece. The inherent traits of every element affect the ultimate taste profile, texture, and total attraction. Compromised substances invariably end in a diminished last product, whatever the ability utilized throughout preparation.

  • Freshness of Fruit

    The choice of recent cranberries and apples immediately impacts the dish’s taste and structural integrity. Contemporary fruit possesses optimum moisture content material, vibrant taste, and agency texture. Aged or bruised fruit compromises these qualities, resulting in a mushy texture, muted taste, and potential for undesirable off-flavors. Utilizing in-season fruit additional enhances the flavour profile, as it’s usually harvested at peak ripeness. For instance, utilizing freshly harvested cranberries ensures a vibrant tartness that balances the sweetness of the apples, whereas utilizing crisp, not too long ago picked apples offers a agency texture that stops the filling from changing into overly delicate.

  • Butter Fats Content material

    The fats content material of the butter used within the pastry considerably influences its tenderness and flakiness. Butter with the next fats proportion creates a extra tender and flaky crust as a result of separation of gluten strands throughout baking. Decrease-quality butter with added water leads to a more durable, much less flavorful crust. European-style butter, with its larger butterfat content material, is commonly most well-liked for pastry making as a result of its superior efficiency. The upper fats content material will give the pastry a crisp, buttery style with a extra flaky texture than pastry made with regular butter.

  • Flour Kind and Gluten Growth

    The kind of flour used dictates the feel and construction of the pastry. Excessive-protein flour encourages gluten improvement, leading to a more durable crust, whereas low-protein flour creates a extra tender crumb. Pastry flour, particularly formulated with a decrease protein content material, is commonly most well-liked for creating delicate pastries. The suitable stability of gluten improvement is essential; overmixing can result in a troublesome pastry, whereas undermixing leads to a crumbly and unstable construction. As an illustration, utilizing cake flour can create a extra tender and flaky crust, whereas bread flour will end in a more durable, much less fascinating texture.

  • Spice High quality and Efficiency

    If spices resembling cinnamon, nutmeg, or cloves are included, their high quality and efficiency immediately affect the aroma and total taste profile. Freshly floor spices possess a extra intense and nuanced taste in comparison with pre-ground varieties, which might lose their efficiency over time. The addition of high-quality spices enhances the nice and cozy and alluring aroma of the baked dish, complementing the flavors of the fruit. Substandard spices, in distinction, can contribute a muted and even off-putting taste, detracting from the general sensory expertise. A recent cinnamon, for instance, would supply a a lot complicated taste and a hotter aroma versus a cinnamon powder which has been sitting within the pantry for years.

These interconnected elements underscore the vital function of ingredient high quality within the final success of a cranberry and apple baked merchandise. Deciding on recent, high-quality substances, from the fruits to the butter and flour, is important for attaining a balanced taste profile, fascinating texture, and visually interesting presentation. Compromising on ingredient high quality inevitably diminishes the ultimate product, whatever the preparation methods employed.

Steadily Requested Questions

This part addresses frequent inquiries relating to the preparation, storage, and potential points encountered when making a cranberry and apple crown.

Query 1: What’s the optimum ratio of cranberries to apples to attain a balanced taste profile?

A ratio of 1:1 to 1:2 (cranberries to apples) usually offers a harmonious stability between tartness and sweetness. A 1:1 ratio emphasizes the cranberry tartness, whereas a 1:2 ratio favors the apple sweetness. Private desire ought to finally information the ultimate ratio choice.

Query 2: How can a soggy pastry crust be prevented?

Pre-baking the crust (blind baking), utilizing a sturdier pastry resembling pate brisee, and guaranteeing the fruit filling isn’t excessively moist are efficient methods. Thickening brokers like cornstarch or tapioca starch also can assist take in extra moisture.

Query 3: What apple varieties are finest suited to this dessert?

Apple varieties with a stability of sweetness and tartness, resembling Honeycrisp, Fuji, or Gala, are well-suited. Softer varieties could break down throughout baking, leading to a mushy texture. Tart apples resembling Granny Smith can be utilized, however could require a rise in added sweetener.

Query 4: How lengthy can a cranberry and apple crown be saved, and what are the optimum storage circumstances?

A cranberry and apple crown can usually be saved at room temperature for as much as two days or within the fridge for as much as 5 days. Correct storage requires wrapping the dessert tightly to stop drying. Reheating could also be mandatory to revive the crust’s crispness.

Query 5: Can frozen cranberries be used rather than recent cranberries?

Frozen cranberries could be substituted for recent cranberries with minimal affect on the ultimate taste and texture. It is very important thaw and drain the frozen cranberries earlier than incorporating them into the filling to scale back extra moisture.

Query 6: What are frequent substitutions for substances in a cranberry and apple crown?

Maple syrup or honey could be substituted for granulated sugar. Gluten-free flour blends can substitute wheat flour for people with gluten sensitivities. Different fat, resembling coconut oil, can be utilized rather than butter, though this will have an effect on the ultimate taste and texture.

Cautious consideration to those issues contributes to a profitable and pleasant preparation of this dessert.

The next part will define potential variations and superior methods.

Skilled Ideas for Cranberry and Apple Crown Mastery

This part affords specialised steering for optimizing the preparation of a cranberry and apple baked masterpiece, specializing in methods to reinforce taste, texture, and total presentation.

Tip 1: Make use of Zest for Enhanced Aroma. Incorporating citrus zest, resembling lemon or orange, into the fruit filling amplifies the fragrant complexity. The risky oils current within the zest complement the inherent fruit notes, offering a brighter and extra nuanced sensory expertise. Use roughly one teaspoon of finely grated zest per cup of fruit.

Tip 2: Incorporate a Nutty Component for Textural Distinction. The addition of chopped nuts, resembling walnuts or pecans, into the filling or as a topping introduces a textural counterpoint to the delicate fruit. Toasting the nuts previous to incorporation enhances their taste and crispness. Roughly one-quarter cup of chopped, toasted nuts per pie offers a noticeable textural variation.

Tip 3: Pre-cook the Cranberries for Even Distribution. Uncooked cranberries are likely to retain their form throughout baking, doubtlessly leading to uneven distribution all through the filling. Briefly simmering the cranberries with a portion of the sweetener earlier than combining them with the apples permits them to melt and launch their juices, guaranteeing a extra uniform consistency. Simmer for about 5 to seven minutes till the cranberries start to burst.

Tip 4: Glaze for Enhanced Visible Enchantment and Moisture Retention. Making use of a glaze to the baked crust after cooling enhances its visible attraction and helps to seal in moisture. A easy glaze could be ready by combining melted apricot jam with a small quantity of water or fruit juice. Brush the glaze evenly over the crust utilizing a pastry brush.

Tip 5: Incorporate a Spice Infusion for Depth of Taste. Infuse the butter used within the pastry with spices resembling cinnamon or cardamom for an added layer of taste complexity. Gently heat the butter with the spices over low warmth, permitting the flavors to meld. Pressure the butter earlier than utilizing it to organize the pastry. Use roughly one-half teaspoon of floor spice per stick of butter.

Tip 6: Deglaze the Pan for Elevated Taste. Deglazing the pan with a small quantity of apple cider vinegar or brandy after eradicating the baked dessert enhances taste. After baking and a fast cool, place on stove-top, take away and deglaze the pan with these liquids and scrap them to create the glaze.

Tip 7: Contemplate Salt to Improve Sweetness. It will assist stability the sweetness of the dish.

Mastering these methods elevates the preparation of the baked product from a regular recipe to a refined culinary creation. Every tip contributes to a extra nuanced taste profile, a extra pleasing texture, and a extra visually interesting last product.

The concluding part will summarize the important thing points mentioned all through this exposition and supply last suggestions.

Conclusion

This exposition has comprehensively explored the multifaceted points of a cranberry and apple crown, encompassing ingredient choice, preparation methods, textural issues, and sensory enhancement methods. Consideration to element all through every stage, from balancing tartness and sweetness to managing moisture content material and choosing the suitable pastry, dictates the success of the ultimate culinary creation. Understanding the nuances of baking time, serving temperature, and ingredient high quality ensures a persistently high-quality end result.

The data supplied ought to allow people to method the creation of this dessert with a heightened stage of understanding and ability. Additional experimentation with variations in fruit ratios, spice mixtures, and pastry varieties is inspired to personalize the expertise. The dedication to precision and high quality will end in a culinary centerpiece worthy of any event. The pursuit of continued refinement will end in additional mastery of expertise and taste to your creation for a singular signature contact.