A dessert that includes a buttery, crumbly base, usually constituted of flour, butter, and sugar, serves as the inspiration for a fruit filling. The filling most frequently consists of sliced fruit cooked with sugar and spices. The ensuing confection presents a textural distinction between the tender base and the softened fruit. As an illustration, a conventional rendition would possibly showcase a cinnamon-spiced fruit filling nestled inside a fragile, melt-in-your-mouth base.
The enchantment of this dessert lies in its satisfying taste profile and textural interaction. The richness of the bottom enhances the sweetness and tartness of the filling. Moreover, this sort of baked good attracts on established culinary traditions, mixing parts of shortbread and fruit dessert preparation. This enables for each acquainted consolation and potential for progressive variations in taste mixtures and presentation.
Understanding the parts of this dessert – the precise traits of the bottom and the choice and preparation of the filling – is important for appreciating its culinary deserves. Additional exploration will delve into the creation course of, discussing optimum ingredient selections and methods for reaching a balanced and flavorful remaining product. This includes contemplating components resembling butter to flour ratio, fruit choice, and baking time and temperature.
1. Butter Richness
Butter richness is a important determinant within the remaining high quality and character of a shortbread crust apple pie. The proportion and high quality of butter instantly affect the crust’s texture, taste, and general construction, impacting the interaction between the crumbly base and the fruit filling.
-
Fats Content material and Crust Tenderness
The excessive fats content material in butter contributes considerably to the tenderness of the shortbread crust. Butter interferes with gluten improvement within the flour, stopping the formation of a tricky, elastic dough. The next butter ratio leads to a extra delicate, melt-in-your-mouth texture. Inadequate butter results in a harder, drier crust that detracts from the general expertise. Examples embody utilizing European-style butter with a better butterfat proportion, which yields a noticeably richer and extra tender crust in comparison with normal butter.
-
Taste Growth and Complexity
Butter imparts a definite taste to the shortbread crust, contributing to its general richness and complexity. The pure butter taste enhances the sweetness of the filling. Variations in butter taste, resembling utilizing browned butter or clarified butter (ghee), can introduce extra nuances to the crust’s style profile. Browned butter, for example, provides a nutty, caramel-like word that enhances the general taste. The absence of adequate butter may end up in a bland and unremarkable crust.
-
Moisture Content material and Crumb Construction
The moisture content material in butter influences the crumb construction of the shortbread crust. Because the butter melts throughout baking, it creates steam, which contributes to the separation of dough layers and the formation of a attribute crumbly texture. An excessive amount of moisture, nonetheless, may end up in a soggy crust. Correctly chilled butter, lower into small items and rapidly integrated into the flour, helps management the moisture launch throughout baking, resulting in a extra fascinating, crumbly texture. Conversely, heat butter can result in a greasy and dense crust.
-
Browning and Visible Attraction
Butter’s fats content material contributes to the browning of the crust throughout baking by way of Maillard response. This browning enhances the visible enchantment of the completed pie, indicating correct cooking and including to the general sensory expertise. Sufficient butter ensures a golden-brown hue, signaling a well-baked and flavorful crust. A crust made with inadequate butter might seem pale and undercooked, even when totally baked.
The considered use of butter, contemplating its fats content material, taste, and moisture, is paramount in reaching a high-quality shortbread crust apple pie. Every aspect contributes considerably to the crust’s texture, taste, and look, finally figuring out the success of the dessert. Experimentation with several types of butter and methods, resembling browning or chilling, permits for fine-tuning the butter’s affect on the ultimate product.
2. Flour Kind
The choice of flour exerts a substantial affect on the feel and construction of the bottom element inside a shortbread crust apple pie. Completely different flour varieties possess various protein contents, instantly impacting gluten improvement and, consequently, the ultimate crumbly attribute of the crust.
-
Protein Content material and Gluten Formation
Flour’s protein content material dictates the quantity of gluten that develops throughout mixing. Excessive-protein flours, resembling bread flour, promote intensive gluten formation, leading to a harder, extra elastic dough unsuitable for a fragile base. Decrease-protein flours, resembling pastry flour or cake flour, decrease gluten improvement, yielding a young, crumbly texture that aligns with the specified traits. For instance, substituting bread flour for pastry flour leads to a markedly chewier crust that detracts from the supposed shortbread high quality.
-
Flour Particle Measurement and Absorption
The fineness of the flour grind impacts its absorption price of fat and liquids. Finely milled flours take in moisture extra readily than coarser flours. Pastry flour, being finely floor, integrates extra seamlessly with butter, producing a uniform dough. This uniformity promotes even baking and a constant texture all through the crust. Coarsely floor flours might lead to a grittier texture and uneven moisture distribution. Contemplate the distinction between utilizing pastry flour and all-purpose flour; the finer pastry flour yields a extra delicate crumb.
-
Starch Content material and Binding
The starch element inside flour contributes to binding and construction throughout baking. Starches gelatinize when heated within the presence of moisture, offering cohesion to the dough. Completely different flour sorts comprise various starch ranges; for instance, cake flour typically incorporates a better proportion of starch, contributing to a extra tender crumb. The diploma of gelatinization instantly impacts the ultimate texture and structural integrity of the crust, influencing its capacity to help the apple filling.
-
Bleaching and Components
Some flours bear bleaching, a course of that alters their protein construction and colour. Bleached flours have a tendency to supply a softer crust. Unbleached flours, then again, retain extra of their pure traits, doubtlessly resulting in a barely denser texture. Moreover, some flours comprise components that affect gluten improvement and dough dealing with properties. The selection between bleached and unbleached flour, or the inclusion of components, ought to align with the specified texture and dealing with traits of the bottom.
Cautious consideration of the protein content material, particle measurement, starch ranges, and processing strategies of flour is paramount in reaching the specified texture and structural integrity inside a shortbread crust. The choice of an applicable flour sort considerably contributes to the general high quality and enchantment of the dessert, complementing the flavour and texture of the apple filling. Experimentation with completely different flour varieties and blends permits for tailoring the crust to realize a selected culinary consequence.
3. Sugar Choice
The selection of sugar considerably influences the flavour, texture, and structural integrity of a shortbread crust in an apple pie. Sugar’s position extends past mere sweetness; it interacts with different components, affecting gluten improvement, moisture content material, and browning, all essential to the ultimate product. The results of various sugars are distinct and measurable, impacting the general success of the baked good.
Granulated sugar, the usual alternative, gives a clear sweetness and contributes to a crisp, barely sandy texture. Its bigger crystal measurement can create air pockets throughout creaming, leading to a lighter crust. Conversely, confectioners’ sugar, with its nice texture and cornstarch content material, yields a extra tender, melt-in-your-mouth crust. Brown sugar, containing molasses, introduces moisture, a caramel-like taste, and a barely chewier texture. A pie using brown sugar in its base will exhibit a darker colour and a particular style profile. The sensible significance of understanding these distinctions lies within the capacity to customise the bottom to enhance the apple filling. As an illustration, a tart apple selection would possibly profit from the added depth of taste offered by brown sugar.
In the end, the suitable sugar choice represents a strategic determination in crafting a shortbread crust. Whereas granulated sugar presents versatility, confectioners’ sugar gives tenderness, and brown sugar delivers depth. Bakers should think about the interaction of those components, balancing sweetness with textural and taste contributions. Challenges in sugar choice typically come up from unexpected interactions with different components or changes to baking time. Mastering this element is important for reaching a well-balanced and satisfying shortbread crust apple pie.
4. Crust Tenderness
Crust tenderness represents a important textural attribute inside a shortbread crust apple pie, considerably influencing the general sensory expertise. Reaching a young crust hinges on fastidiously controlling gluten improvement throughout dough preparation. Extreme gluten formation leads to a tricky, unyielding base, whereas minimal gluten improvement yields a fragile, crumbly texture. The ratio of fats to flour serves as a main determinant of crust tenderness. Greater fats content material inhibits gluten formation, selling a extra tender end result. The usage of chilly butter, lower into small items, additional minimizes gluten improvement by stopping overmixing. A pie with a tricky crust detracts from the enjoyment of the delicate apple filling, creating an imbalance in texture.
A number of components contribute to sustaining crust tenderness all through the baking course of. Overworking the dough introduces extreme gluten, resulting in a much less fascinating consequence. Moreover, utilizing high-protein flour amplifies gluten improvement, negatively impacting tenderness. Blind baking, or pre-baking the crust earlier than including the filling, helps stop a soggy backside and permits the crust to set correctly. Actual-world examples embody evaluating a pie made with all-purpose flour (average protein) to 1 made with pastry flour (low protein); the latter constantly reveals better tenderness. Moreover, chilling the dough earlier than baking relaxes the gluten strands, contributing to a extra delicate texture after baking.
In abstract, reaching optimum crust tenderness necessitates a strategic strategy to dough preparation, ingredient choice, and baking approach. Understanding the rules of gluten management, fats content material, and temperature administration permits bakers to constantly produce a shortbread crust apple pie with a fascinating, melt-in-your-mouth texture. The sensible significance of this understanding lies within the capacity to raise the sensory expertise of the dessert, making a harmonious steadiness between the crumbly base and the delicate, flavorful filling. Failure to prioritize crust tenderness compromises the structural integrity and general palatability of the ultimate product.
5. Apple Selection
The choice of apple selection exerts a big affect on the ultimate taste profile and textural traits of a shortbread crust apple pie. Completely different apple cultivars possess distinct ranges of sweetness, tartness, and firmness, every contributing uniquely to the general sensory expertise. Sure apple sorts, attributable to their structural integrity, preserve their form throughout baking, offering textural distinction throughout the delicate filling. The selection of apple, subsequently, dictates not solely the dominant taste notes but in addition the pie’s mouthfeel and visible enchantment. For instance, utilizing solely McIntosh apples, identified for his or her softness, may end up in a pie with a mushy texture, whereas a mix of Granny Smith (tart and agency) and Honeycrisp (candy and crisp) gives a balanced taste and pleasing consistency.
The sensible significance of understanding apple selection traits extends to customizing the pie to particular style preferences. People preferring a tart pie might go for predominantly Granny Smith or Braeburn apples, whereas these favoring sweetness would possibly select Fuji or Gala. Moreover, the baking qualities of various apples affect the pie’s structural integrity. Varieties that break down excessively throughout baking can result in a watery filling and a soggy crust, necessitating the usage of thickening brokers resembling cornstarch or tapioca flour. The optimum apple choice, subsequently, balances taste and texture to create a harmonious dessert. Industrial bakeries typically mix a number of apple varieties to realize a constant product no matter seasonal differences.
In abstract, apple selection represents a important determination level within the creation of a shortbread crust apple pie. The choice course of ought to think about components resembling sweetness, tartness, texture, and baking properties to realize the specified taste profile and structural integrity. The challenges lie in understanding the nuanced traits of assorted apple sorts and adapting recipes accordingly. In the end, a well-informed alternative of apple selection elevates the pie from a easy dessert to a classy culinary expertise, showcasing the interaction of flavors and textures inside a cohesive and satisfying entire.
6. Spice Steadiness
Spice steadiness is a vital factor in crafting a shortbread crust apple pie, contributing considerably to the complexity and depth of its taste profile. The considered use of spices elevates the dessert past easy sweetness, making a harmonious mix that enhances each the buttery crust and the fruit filling.
-
Complementary Taste Profiles
Spices improve the inherent flavors of apples, augmenting their sweetness and tartness. Cinnamon, nutmeg, and allspice are generally employed, every providing a definite fragrant contribution. Cinnamon gives heat, nutmeg introduces a delicate earthiness, and allspice contributes a fancy mix of clove, cinnamon, and nutmeg notes. Imbalance can happen if one spice overpowers the others, making a jarring or disagreeable style. For instance, extreme cinnamon can masks the fragile apple taste, whereas inadequate spice leads to a bland and unremarkable pie.
-
Balancing Sweetness and Acidity
Spices counteract the inherent sweetness of the apples and sugar, stopping the pie from turning into cloying. Their delicate bitterness or heat gives a counterpoint, making a extra nuanced and satisfying taste expertise. A pie made with significantly candy apples, resembling Fuji, might profit from a barely increased proportion of spices to steadiness the sweetness. Conversely, tart apples like Granny Smith might require a extra restrained hand with the spices to keep away from overwhelming their pure acidity. The skillful use of spices transforms a doubtlessly one-dimensional dessert right into a multi-layered culinary creation.
-
Fragrant Enhancement and Sensory Attraction
Spices contribute considerably to the fragrant profile of the pie, enhancing its general sensory enchantment. The risky compounds in spices launch throughout baking, filling the kitchen with inviting scents that stimulate urge for food and anticipation. The aroma of a freshly baked apple pie with a balanced spice mix is a robust sensory cue, contributing to the general enjoyment of the dessert. A poorly spiced pie lacks this fragrant attract, diminishing its enchantment.
-
Historic and Cultural Context
The choice and use of spices in apple pie replicate historic and cultural influences. Spices had been as soon as extremely prized commodities, and their presence in a dessert signified affluence and class. The particular mix of spices utilized in apple pie recipes varies throughout areas and cultures, reflecting native preferences and culinary traditions. Understanding the historic context provides one other layer of appreciation to the artwork of spice balancing, connecting the present-day baker to a wealthy culinary heritage.
The cautious consideration of spice steadiness is paramount to the success of a shortbread crust apple pie. Every spice performs a selected position in enhancing taste, balancing sweetness, and creating fragrant complexity. Mastering the artwork of spice balancing elevates the pie from a easy dessert to a memorable culinary expertise, showcasing the baker’s ability and a spotlight to element. Over-spicing or under-spicing can result in a disappointing end result, underscoring the significance of exact measurement and a nuanced understanding of taste interactions.
7. Filling Consistency
Filling consistency in a shortbread crust apple pie instantly impacts the structural integrity and palatability of the ultimate product. A filling that’s too liquid leads to a soggy crust, compromising the specified textural distinction between the crisp base and the delicate fruit. Conversely, an excessively thick or dry filling lacks the attribute moisture and succulence that outline a well-executed apple pie. The interplay between the filling and the crust is ruled by moisture migration throughout baking and cooling; subsequently, managing the filling’s viscosity is paramount to reaching a balanced dessert. The absence of applicable thickening brokers, resembling cornstarch or tapioca flour, typically results in a filling that weeps excessively, saturating the shortbread crust and diminishing its structural help.
Sensible implications of understanding filling consistency prolong to recipe changes based mostly on apple selection and baking situations. Apples with excessive water content material, resembling McIntosh, require a better proportion of thickening brokers in comparison with drier varieties like Fuji or Gala. Equally, baking in a moist atmosphere can exacerbate moisture points, necessitating additional modifications to the filling’s composition. Actual-world examples embody evaluating two pies baked utilizing the identical recipe however with completely different apple sorts: the pie with high-moisture apples reveals a noticeably soggier crust. Moreover, the cooling course of considerably influences the filling’s remaining texture; permitting the pie to chill utterly earlier than slicing permits the thickening brokers to totally activate, stopping a runny filling and guaranteeing a clear lower.
In abstract, reaching the specified filling consistency requires a nuanced understanding of ingredient interactions, baking situations, and apple traits. The first problem lies in balancing moisture content material with thickening energy to stop a soggy crust whereas sustaining a succulent and flavorful filling. The success of a shortbread crust apple pie hinges on this equilibrium, underscoring the significance of exact measurements, cautious ingredient choice, and an intensive understanding of the baking course of. The pursuit of optimum filling consistency represents a important facet of elevating this traditional dessert to its full potential.
8. Baking Time
Baking time represents a important variable within the creation of a shortbread crust apple pie. The period and temperature of the baking course of instantly affect each the crust’s structural integrity and the filling’s consistency, demanding cautious consideration for optimum outcomes.
-
Crust Growth and Browning
Inadequate baking time leads to a pale, undercooked crust missing the specified golden-brown hue and structural stability. Conversely, extreme baking results in over-browning, hardening, and potential burning of the crust, imparting a bitter taste. Correct baking time permits the crust to develop a agency, but tender texture, and obtain an aesthetically pleasing colour. For instance, a crust baked for half-hour at 375F might seem pale and doughy, whereas one baked for 50 minutes on the similar temperature could also be excessively darkish and brittle. The Maillard response, liable for browning, requires adequate time and temperature to develop totally with out overshooting.
-
Filling Gelatinization and Setting
The apple filling requires adequate baking time to permit the starches current, both naturally within the apples or added as thickeners, to gelatinize and set. Underbaking leads to a runny, unstable filling that compromises the pie’s structural integrity and creates a soggy crust. Overbaking, conversely, can result in a dry, shrunken filling with a much less fascinating texture. The best baking time permits the filling to achieve a mild simmer, activating the thickening brokers and making a cohesive, barely thickened consistency. Visible cues, resembling a effervescent filling and a slight jiggle when the pie is gently shaken, point out enough gelatinization.
-
Moisture Content material Regulation
Baking time performs a vital position in regulating the moisture content material of each the crust and the filling. Sufficient baking time permits extra moisture to evaporate from the filling, stopping a soggy crust and concentrating the flavors. Nonetheless, extreme baking results in extreme moisture loss, leading to a dry, crumbly crust and a shrunken filling. Monitoring the pie’s inner temperature and observing visible cues, such because the crust’s colour and the filling’s effervescent exercise, assist decide the optimum baking time for reaching the specified moisture steadiness.
-
Temperature Distribution and Conduction
Correct baking time hinges on constant temperature distribution throughout the oven. Uneven heating can result in inconsistent crust browning and uneven filling gelatinization. A preheated oven and the usage of a baking stone may help guarantee constant temperature distribution. Moreover, shielding the crust edges with foil in the course of the latter levels of baking can stop over-browning whereas permitting the filling to totally prepare dinner. Constant temperature and even warmth conduction are stipulations for dependable baking occasions and predictable outcomes.
The aspects of baking time instantly affect the ultimate high quality of a shortbread crust apple pie. Correct baking ensures a golden-brown, structurally sound crust and a flavorful, appropriately thickened filling. Insufficient or extreme baking compromises the pie’s texture, taste, and structural integrity. Correct baking time requires cautious monitoring, an intensive understanding of ingredient interactions, and constant temperature management.
9. Cooling Course of
The cooling course of is an indispensable step within the creation of a shortbread crust apple pie, instantly impacting the ultimate texture, structural integrity, and general palatability of the dessert. Untimely slicing of a heat pie disrupts the setting strategy of the filling, resulting in a runny consistency and a soggy crust. Conversely, permitting the pie to chill adequately permits the thickening brokers throughout the filling whether or not naturally current within the apples or added as cornstarch or tapioca to totally gelatinize, leading to a secure, sliceable product. The cooling course of, subsequently, is just not merely a passive ready interval however an lively section of transformation that consolidates the pie’s construction and enhances its sensory qualities. For instance, a pie sliced instantly after baking will exhibit a unfastened, watery filling that saturates the shortbread crust, whereas the identical pie, cooled for a number of hours, will possess a agency, cohesive filling that maintains the crust’s crispness.
The speed and atmosphere of cooling additionally affect the ultimate consequence. Fast cooling, resembling refrigeration instantly after baking, could cause condensation throughout the pie, doubtlessly resulting in a moist crust and a much less interesting texture. Gradual cooling at room temperature permits for a extra even distribution of moisture and a extra managed setting course of. Moreover, the precise components throughout the filling can have an effect on the optimum cooling time; fillings with a better sugar content material or a better proportion of acidic apples might require an extended cooling interval to realize the specified consistency. This understanding interprets into sensible changes in baking schedules and cooling methods to make sure constant outcomes. Industrial bakeries typically make use of managed cooling chambers to standardize the cooling course of and decrease variations in product high quality.
In conclusion, the cooling course of is a vital, typically underestimated, element within the creation of a shortbread crust apple pie. Permitting adequate time for the filling to set correctly and using applicable cooling methods are important for reaching a secure, visually interesting, and texturally satisfying dessert. The challenges lie in balancing the will for speedy gratification with the understanding that endurance yields a superior remaining product. The cooling course of is just not an afterthought however an integral step within the baking course of, demanding consideration to element and an intensive understanding of its affect on the pie’s general high quality.
Continuously Requested Questions
The next addresses frequent inquiries and clarifies misconceptions relating to the preparation and traits of shortbread crust apple pie.
Query 1: What distinguishes a shortbread crust from different pie crusts?
A shortbread crust is characterised by its excessive butter content material, leading to a crumbly, tender texture and a wealthy, buttery taste. Not like conventional pie crusts, it usually incorporates no water, relying solely on butterfat for binding.
Query 2: Can various flours be utilized in a shortbread crust?
Whereas all-purpose flour is normal, lower-protein flours resembling pastry flour or cake flour might be substituted to reinforce tenderness. Nonetheless, experimentation could also be required to realize the specified texture and structural integrity.
Query 3: What apple varieties are finest fitted to shortbread crust apple pie?
A mix of apple varieties, balancing sweetness, tartness, and firmness, typically yields probably the most flavorful and texturally interesting filling. Widespread selections embody Granny Smith, Honeycrisp, and Fuji.
Query 4: How can a soggy backside crust be prevented?
A number of methods mitigate sogginess, together with blind baking the crust earlier than including the filling, utilizing a baking stone for even warmth distribution, and guaranteeing the filling is just not overly moist.
Query 5: What’s the optimum baking temperature for a shortbread crust apple pie?
A average oven temperature, usually round 375F (190C), permits the crust to brown evenly and the filling to prepare dinner by way of with out burning. Changes could also be mandatory based mostly on oven efficiency.
Query 6: How lengthy ought to the pie cool earlier than slicing?
Permitting the pie to chill utterly, usually for a minimum of 3-4 hours, permits the filling to set correctly, stopping a runny consistency and guaranteeing a clear slice.
Reaching a profitable shortbread crust apple pie requires consideration to element and an understanding of ingredient interactions. Addressing these steadily requested questions gives a basis for mastering this traditional dessert.
Additional exploration will deal with superior methods and artistic variations for shortbread crust apple pie preparation.
Shortbread Crust Apple Pie
Reaching a high-quality shortbread crust apple pie requires adherence to particular methods and a spotlight to element all through the preparation course of. The next pointers provide sensible recommendation for optimizing each the crust and the filling.
Tip 1: Chill Butter Totally.
The butter have to be sufficiently chilly to stop extreme gluten improvement within the flour. Ideally, butter ought to be chilled for a minimum of half-hour earlier than incorporating it into the dry components. This ensures a young, crumbly crust.
Tip 2: Reduce Mixing.
Overmixing promotes gluten formation, leading to a tricky crust. Combine the components till simply mixed, avoiding extended kneading or stirring. A pastry blender or meals processor can help in reaching this.
Tip 3: Pre-Bake the Crust.
Blind baking the crust, utilizing pie weights or dried beans to stop shrinking, ensures a crisp base that may face up to the moisture from the apple filling. This step is especially necessary for stopping a soggy backside crust.
Tip 4: Make the most of a Starch Thickener.
Make use of a starch-based thickening agent, resembling cornstarch or tapioca flour, to regulate the filling’s consistency. This prevents extreme liquid from seeping into the crust throughout baking. The quantity of starch ought to be adjusted based mostly on the juiciness of the apples used.
Tip 5: Contemplate Apple Selection.
The choice of apple varieties influences the pie’s general taste and texture. A mix of agency, tart apples, resembling Granny Smith, and softer, sweeter varieties, resembling Honeycrisp, gives a balanced and complicated taste profile. Regulate the spice mix to enhance the chosen apples.
Tip 6: Management Moisture Ranges.
Extreme moisture within the apple filling can result in a soggy crust. Contemplate pre-cooking the apples barely to scale back their moisture content material earlier than including them to the pie. This step is especially helpful when utilizing high-moisture apple varieties.
Tip 7: Cool Fully Earlier than Slicing.
Enable the pie to chill utterly, ideally for a number of hours, earlier than slicing and serving. This enables the filling to set correctly and prevents a runny consistency. The cooling course of contributes considerably to the pie’s structural integrity.
By adhering to those pointers, one can successfully improve the standard and consistency of a shortbread crust apple pie. The rules outlined promote optimum crust texture, filling consistency, and general taste steadiness.
Continued follow and experimentation with these methods will additional refine the power to constantly produce a well-executed shortbread crust apple pie.
Shortbread Crust Apple Pie
The previous discourse has illuminated the multifaceted nature of shortbread crust apple pie, emphasizing the importance of particular person parts and their synergistic interactions. Components resembling butter richness, flour sort, sugar choice, crust tenderness, apple selection, spice steadiness, filling consistency, baking time, and the cooling course of collectively decide the ultimate consequence. Mastery of those parts is important for reaching a well-structured, flavorful dessert that exemplifies culinary precision.
The enduring enchantment of shortbread crust apple pie rests not solely in its delectable style but in addition in its capability to evoke nostalgia and luxury. Understanding the intricacies of its creation empowers people to raise this traditional dessert, remodeling it from a easy confection right into a testomony to culinary artistry. Continued exploration and refinement of those methods will undoubtedly contribute to the continued evolution of shortbread crust apple pie as a cherished culinary custom.
